--- type: CKG Bundle title: Biology tags: [Healthcare & Life Sci] timestamp: 2026-06-18T00:00:00Z ckg: id: biology nodes: 380 license: CC BY 4.0 --- # Biology — Compressed Knowledge Graph ```csv ConceptID,ConceptLabel,TaxonomyID 1,Scientific Method,FOUND 2,Hypothesis Testing,FOUND 3,Controlled Experiments,FOUND 4,Independent and Dependent Variables,FOUND 5,Atomic Structure,CHEM 6,Elements of Life,CHEM 7,Chemical Bonds,CHEM 8,Ionic Bonds,CHEM 9,Covalent Bonds,CHEM 10,Hydrogen Bonds,CHEM 11,Van der Waals Forces,CHEM 12,Water Polarity,CHEM 13,Cohesion and Adhesion,CHEM 14,Surface Tension,CHEM 15,Specific Heat Capacity,CHEM 16,Water as Universal Solvent,CHEM 17,Hydrophilic and Hydrophobic,CHEM 18,Acid-Base Chemistry,CHEM 19,pH Scale,CHEM 20,Buffers,CHEM 21,Organic Chemistry Basics,CHEM 22,Functional Groups,CHEM 23,Polymers and Monomers,CHEM 24,Condensation Reactions,CHEM 25,Hydrolysis Reactions,CHEM 26,Carbohydrates,MACRO 27,Monosaccharides,MACRO 28,Disaccharides,MACRO 29,Polysaccharides,MACRO 30,Glycosidic Bonds,MACRO 31,Lipids,MACRO 32,Fatty Acids,MACRO 33,Saturated and Unsaturated Fats,MACRO 34,Triglycerides,MACRO 35,Phospholipids,MACRO 36,Sterols and Cholesterol,MACRO 37,Proteins,MACRO 38,Amino Acids,MACRO 39,Peptide Bonds,MACRO 40,Primary Protein Structure,MACRO 41,Secondary Protein Structure,MACRO 42,Tertiary Protein Structure,MACRO 43,Quaternary Protein Structure,MACRO 44,Protein Denaturation,MACRO 45,Nucleic Acids,MACRO 46,Nucleotides,MACRO 47,DNA Structure,MACRO 48,RNA Structure,MACRO 49,Cell Theory,CELL 50,Prokaryotic Cells,CELL 51,Eukaryotic Cells,CELL 52,Cell Size and Surface Area Ratio,CELL 53,Plasma Membrane,CELL 54,Fluid Mosaic Model,CELL 55,Phospholipid Bilayer,CELL 56,Membrane Proteins,CELL 57,Cholesterol in Membranes,CELL 58,Selective Permeability,CELL 59,Passive Transport,CELL 60,Diffusion,CELL 61,Osmosis,CELL 62,Water Potential,CELL 63,Turgor Pressure,CELL 64,Facilitated Diffusion,CELL 65,Active Transport,CELL 66,Sodium-Potassium Pump,CELL 67,Endocytosis,CELL 68,Exocytosis,CELL 69,Phagocytosis,CELL 70,Pinocytosis,CELL 71,Nucleus,CELL 72,Nuclear Envelope,CELL 73,Nucleolus,CELL 74,Endoplasmic Reticulum,CELL 75,Rough ER,CELL 76,Smooth ER,CELL 77,Golgi Apparatus,CELL 78,Lysosomes,CELL 79,Vacuoles,CELL 80,Mitochondria,CELL 81,Chloroplasts,CELL 82,Peroxisomes,CELL 83,Cytoskeleton,CELL 84,Microfilaments,CELL 85,Microtubules,CELL 86,Intermediate Filaments,CELL 87,Cilia and Flagella,CELL 88,Cell Wall,CELL 89,Plasmodesmata,CELL 90,Extracellular Matrix,CELL 91,Cell Junctions,CELL 92,Thermodynamics,ENRG 93,First Law of Thermodynamics,ENRG 94,Second Law of Thermodynamics,ENRG 95,Entropy,ENRG 96,Free Energy (Gibbs),ENRG 97,Exergonic Reactions,ENRG 98,Endergonic Reactions,ENRG 99,ATP Structure,ENRG 100,ATP Hydrolysis,ENRG 101,Coupled Reactions,ENRG 102,Redox Reactions,ENRG 103,Enzymes,ENRG 104,Active Site,ENRG 105,Enzyme-Substrate Complex,ENRG 106,Activation Energy,ENRG 107,Transition State,ENRG 108,Induced Fit Model,ENRG 109,Enzyme Cofactors and Coenzymes,ENRG 110,Competitive Inhibition,ENRG 111,Noncompetitive Inhibition,ENRG 112,Allosteric Regulation,ENRG 113,Feedback Inhibition,ENRG 114,Temperature and Enzyme Activity,ENRG 115,pH and Enzyme Activity,ENRG 116,Photosynthesis Overview,ENRG 117,Chlorophyll and Pigments,ENRG 118,Absorption Spectrum,ENRG 119,Photosystems I and II,ENRG 120,Light-Dependent Reactions,ENRG 121,Photolysis of Water,ENRG 122,Electron Transport Chain (Chloroplast),ENRG 123,ATP Synthase,ENRG 124,Proton Gradient,ENRG 125,Calvin Cycle,ENRG 126,Carbon Fixation,ENRG 127,RuBisCO,ENRG 128,G3P and Sugar Production,ENRG 129,C3 Plants,ENRG 132,Photorespiration,ENRG 130,C4 Plants,ENRG 131,CAM Plants,ENRG 133,Cellular Respiration Overview,ENRG 134,Glycolysis,ENRG 135,Substrate-Level Phosphorylation,ENRG 136,Pyruvate Oxidation,ENRG 137,Acetyl-CoA,ENRG 138,Krebs Cycle,ENRG 139,Electron Transport Chain (Mitochond.),ENRG 140,Oxidative Phosphorylation,ENRG 141,Chemiosmosis,ENRG 142,NADH and FADH2,ENRG 143,ATP Yield of Respiration,ENRG 144,Fermentation,ENRG 145,Lactic Acid Fermentation,ENRG 146,Alcoholic Fermentation,ENRG 147,Cell Signaling Overview,COMM 148,Signal Transduction,COMM 149,Ligand-Receptor Binding,COMM 150,Cell Surface Receptors,COMM 151,G Protein-Coupled Receptors,COMM 152,Receptor Tyrosine Kinases,COMM 153,Intracellular Receptors,COMM 154,Second Messengers,COMM 155,cAMP Signaling,COMM 156,Phosphorylation Cascades,COMM 157,Signal Amplification,COMM 158,Negative Feedback Loops,COMM 159,Positive Feedback Loops,COMM 160,Apoptosis,COMM 161,Cell Cycle Overview,COMM 162,G1 Phase,COMM 163,S Phase,COMM 164,G2 Phase,COMM 165,Mitosis,COMM 166,Prophase,COMM 167,Metaphase,COMM 168,Anaphase,COMM 169,Telophase,COMM 170,Cytokinesis,COMM 171,Cell Cycle Checkpoints,COMM 172,Cyclins and CDKs,COMM 173,Proto-Oncogenes,COMM 174,Tumor Suppressor Genes,COMM 175,Cancer Biology,COMM 176,Contact Inhibition,COMM 177,Meiosis Overview,GENET 178,Meiosis I,GENET 179,Meiosis II,GENET 180,Synapsis and Tetrad Formation,GENET 181,Crossing Over,GENET 182,Chiasmata,GENET 183,Genetic Recombination,GENET 184,Haploid and Diploid Cells,GENET 185,Gametes,GENET 186,Fertilization,GENET 187,Chromosomal Theory of Inheritance,GENET 188,Mendel's Law of Segregation,GENET 189,Mendel's Law of Indep. Assortment,GENET 190,Dominant and Recessive Alleles,GENET 191,Genotype and Phenotype,GENET 192,Homozygous and Heterozygous,GENET 193,Monohybrid Crosses,GENET 194,Dihybrid Crosses,GENET 195,Punnett Squares,GENET 196,Test Crosses,GENET 197,Incomplete Dominance,GENET 198,Codominance,GENET 199,Multiple Alleles,GENET 200,Sex Determination,GENET 201,Sex-Linked Traits,GENET 202,X-Linked Inheritance,GENET 203,Polygenic Inheritance,GENET 204,Epistasis,GENET 205,Pleiotropy,GENET 206,Genetic Linkage,GENET 207,Recombination Frequency,GENET 208,Chromosomal Abnormalities,GENET 209,Nondisjunction,GENET 210,Aneuploidy,GENET 211,Pedigree Analysis,GENET 212,Chi-Square Statistical Test,FOUND 213,Standard Deviation,FOUND 214,Data Interpretation,FOUND 215,Graph Construction and Analysis,FOUND 216,DNA Double Helix,MOLBIO 217,Base Pairing Rules,MOLBIO 218,DNA Replication,MOLBIO 219,DNA Polymerase,MOLBIO 220,Semiconservative Replication,MOLBIO 221,Leading and Lagging Strands,MOLBIO 222,Okazaki Fragments,MOLBIO 223,DNA Proofreading and Repair,MOLBIO 224,Telomeres,MOLBIO 225,Transcription Overview,MOLBIO 226,RNA Polymerase,MOLBIO 227,Promoter Regions,MOLBIO 228,Transcription Termination,MOLBIO 229,mRNA Processing,MOLBIO 230,5-Prime Cap and Poly-A Tail,MOLBIO 231,RNA Splicing,MOLBIO 232,Introns and Exons,MOLBIO 233,Alternative Splicing,MOLBIO 234,Translation Overview,MOLBIO 235,Ribosomes,MOLBIO 236,Codons and Anticodons,MOLBIO 237,tRNA Structure,MOLBIO 238,Aminoacyl-tRNA Synthetases,MOLBIO 239,Start and Stop Codons,MOLBIO 240,Genetic Code,MOLBIO 241,Polysomes,MOLBIO 242,Point Mutations,MOLBIO 243,Frameshift Mutations,MOLBIO 244,Silent Mutations,MOLBIO 245,Missense Mutations,MOLBIO 246,Nonsense Mutations,MOLBIO 247,Mutagens and DNA Damage,MOLBIO 248,Gene Regulation (Prokaryotes),BIOTECH 249,Operons,BIOTECH 250,Lac Operon,BIOTECH 251,Trp Operon,BIOTECH 252,Gene Regulation (Eukaryotes),BIOTECH 253,Transcription Factors,BIOTECH 254,Enhancers and Silencers,BIOTECH 255,Epigenetic Regulation,BIOTECH 256,DNA Methylation,BIOTECH 257,Histone Modification,BIOTECH 258,Chromatin Remodeling,BIOTECH 259,MicroRNAs,BIOTECH 260,Biotechnology Overview,BIOTECH 261,Restriction Enzymes,BIOTECH 262,Gel Electrophoresis,BIOTECH 263,PCR,BIOTECH 264,DNA Cloning,BIOTECH 265,Recombinant DNA Technology,BIOTECH 266,CRISPR-Cas9,BIOTECH 267,Gene Therapy Concepts,BIOTECH 268,DNA Sequencing,BIOTECH 269,Genomics Overview,BIOTECH 270,Bioinformatics Basics,BIOTECH 271,History of Evolutionary Thought,EVOL 272,Darwin's Observations,EVOL 273,Natural Selection,EVOL 274,Variation in Populations,EVOL 275,Heritability,EVOL 276,Relative Fitness,EVOL 277,Artificial Selection,EVOL 278,Fossil Record Evidence,EVOL 279,Relative and Absolute Dating,EVOL 280,Comparative Anatomy,EVOL 281,Homologous Structures,EVOL 282,Analogous Structures,EVOL 283,Vestigial Structures,EVOL 284,Comparative Embryology,EVOL 285,Molecular Evidence for Evolution,EVOL 286,Biogeography,EVOL 287,Population Genetics,EVOL 288,Allele Frequency,EVOL 289,Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium,EVOL 290,Hardy-Weinberg Assumptions,EVOL 291,Genetic Drift,EVOL 292,Founder Effect,EVOL 293,Bottleneck Effect,EVOL 294,Gene Flow,EVOL 295,Mutation and Evolution,EVOL 296,Sexual Selection,EVOL 297,Stabilizing Selection,EVOL 298,Directional Selection,EVOL 299,Disruptive Selection,EVOL 301,Biological Species Concept,EVOL 300,Speciation Overview,EVOL 302,Reproductive Isolation,EVOL 303,Prezygotic Barriers,EVOL 304,Postzygotic Barriers,EVOL 305,Allopatric Speciation,EVOL 306,Sympatric Speciation,EVOL 307,Adaptive Radiation,EVOL 308,Convergent Evolution,EVOL 309,Coevolution,EVOL 310,Phylogenetics,EVOL 311,Cladistics,EVOL 312,Cladograms,EVOL 313,Shared Derived Characters,EVOL 314,Molecular Clocks,EVOL 315,Macroevolution,EVOL 316,Mass Extinctions,EVOL 317,Endosymbiotic Theory,EVOL 318,Origin of Eukaryotes,EVOL 319,Three Domains of Life,EVOL 320,Ecology Overview,POPECO 321,Levels of Ecological Organization,POPECO 322,Abiotic and Biotic Factors,POPECO 323,Population Ecology,POPECO 324,Population Density,POPECO 325,Dispersion Patterns,POPECO 326,Exponential Population Growth,POPECO 327,Logistic Population Growth,POPECO 328,Carrying Capacity,POPECO 329,Limiting Factors,POPECO 330,Density-Dependent Regulation,POPECO 331,Density-Independent Factors,POPECO 332,Survivorship Curves,POPECO 333,Life History Strategies,POPECO 334,r-Selection and K-Selection,POPECO 335,Community Ecology,POPECO 336,Interspecific Interactions,POPECO 337,Predation,POPECO 338,Herbivory,POPECO 339,Competition,POPECO 340,Competitive Exclusion Principle,POPECO 341,Resource Partitioning,POPECO 342,Ecological Niches,POPECO 343,Mutualism,POPECO 344,Commensalism,POPECO 345,Parasitism,POPECO 346,Keystone Species,POPECO 347,Trophic Cascades,POPECO 348,Ecological Succession,POPECO 349,Primary Succession,POPECO 350,Secondary Succession,POPECO 351,Climax Community,POPECO 352,Ecosystem Ecology,ECOSYS 353,Trophic Levels,ECOSYS 354,Food Chains and Food Webs,ECOSYS 355,Energy Flow in Ecosystems,ECOSYS 356,Ten Percent Energy Rule,ECOSYS 357,Primary Productivity,ECOSYS 358,Net Primary Productivity,ECOSYS 359,Biogeochemical Cycles,ECOSYS 360,Carbon Cycle,ECOSYS 361,Nitrogen Cycle,ECOSYS 362,Phosphorus Cycle,ECOSYS 363,Water Cycle,ECOSYS 364,Nitrogen Fixation,ECOSYS 365,Biomes Overview,ECOSYS 366,Terrestrial Biomes,ECOSYS 367,Aquatic Biomes,ECOSYS 368,Biodiversity,ECOSYS 369,Species Richness and Evenness,ECOSYS 370,Habitat Fragmentation,ECOSYS 371,Invasive Species,ECOSYS 372,Climate Change and Ecology,ECOSYS 373,Conservation Biology,ECOSYS 374,Island Biogeography,POPECO 375,Ecological Footprint,ECOSYS 376,Systems Thinking,FOUND 377,Critical Thinking,FOUND 378,Detecting Misinformation,FOUND 379,Climate Change,ECOSYS 380,Global Warming,ECOSYS ``` ## Edges (prerequisite -> concept) 1 -> 2 1 -> 3 2 -> 3 1 -> 4 2 -> 4 3 -> 4 5 -> 6 5 -> 7 6 -> 7 7 -> 8 7 -> 9 7 -> 10 9 -> 10 7 -> 11 9 -> 12 10 -> 12 12 -> 13 12 -> 14 13 -> 14 12 -> 15 12 -> 16 12 -> 17 12 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336 -> 345 336 -> 346 337 -> 346 339 -> 346 346 -> 347 353 -> 347 354 -> 347 335 -> 348 348 -> 349 348 -> 350 349 -> 351 350 -> 351 321 -> 352 335 -> 352 352 -> 353 353 -> 354 337 -> 354 338 -> 354 354 -> 355 133 -> 355 355 -> 356 353 -> 356 352 -> 357 116 -> 357 133 -> 357 357 -> 358 352 -> 359 321 -> 359 359 -> 360 116 -> 360 133 -> 360 359 -> 361 359 -> 362 359 -> 363 12 -> 363 361 -> 364 50 -> 364 103 -> 364 321 -> 365 322 -> 365 365 -> 366 322 -> 366 365 -> 367 322 -> 367 321 -> 368 335 -> 368 368 -> 369 368 -> 370 323 -> 370 335 -> 370 335 -> 371 339 -> 371 368 -> 371 359 -> 372 360 -> 372 368 -> 372 379 -> 372 368 -> 373 370 -> 373 371 -> 373 372 -> 373 289 -> 373 323 -> 374 335 -> 374 307 -> 374 355 -> 375 373 -> 375 372 -> 375 1 -> 376 1 -> 377 2 -> 377 377 -> 378 1 -> 378 359 -> 379 360 -> 379 379 -> 380 360 -> 380 *Free CKG · Graphify.md · `pip install ckg-mcp` for all · own the knowledge layer, rent the model*